This course introduces the students to the environmental consequences of Industries, development actions etc. and the methods of minimizing their impact through technology and legal systems.
Module - IEcological Concepts and Natural Resources: Ecological perspective and value of environment. Environmental auditing, Biotic components, Ecosystem Process: Energy, Food Chain, Water cycle, Oxygen cycle, Nitrogen cycle etc., Environmental gradients, Tolerance levels of environment factor, EU, US and Indian Environmental Law, Global Perspective. Chemistry in Environmental Engineering: Atmospheric chemistry, Soil chemistry, Material balances and Reactor configurations.
Module - IIWater Pollution: water quality standards and parameters, Assessment of water quality, Aquatic pollution, Estuarine water quality, Marine pollution, Organic content parameters, Ground water Contamination, Water table and Aquifer, Ground water recharge. Water quality parameter and standards. Water Treatment: Water treatment processes, Pre-treatment of water, Conventional process, Advanced water treatment process. Waste Water Treatment: DO and BOD of Waste water treatment process, pretreatment, primary and secondary treatment of waste water, Activated sludge treatment: Anaerobic digestion and its microbiology, Reactor configurations and methane production. Application of anaerobic digestion. Air Pollution: Air pollution and pollutants, criteria pollutants, Acid deposition, Global climate change -green house gases, non-criteria pollutants, emission standard form industrial sources, air pollution metereology, Atmospheric dispersion. Industrial Air Emission Control: Characterization of air stream, Equipment selection, Equipment design, Special Methods: Flue gas desulphurization, NOx removal, Fugitive emissions.
Module - III Solid Waste Management Source classification and composition of MSW: properties and separation, storage and transportation, MSW Management, Waste minimization of MSW, Reuse and recycling,
Hazardous Waste Management, Hazardous waste and their generation, Transportation and treatment of hazardous waste: Incinerators, Inorganic waste treatment, handling of treatment plant residue. Waste minimization techniques.
Noise Pollution: Physical Properties of sound, Noise criteria, Noise Standards, Noise measurement, Noise control. Environment impact Assessment, Origin and procedure of EIA, Project Screening for EIA, Scope studies, Preparation and review of EIS.
Sensor Network Concept: Introduction, Networked wireless sensor devices, Advantages of Sensor networks, Applications, Key design challenges.
Network deployment: Structured versus randomized deployment, Network topology, Connectivity, Connectivity using power control, Coverage metrics, Mobile deployment.
Localization and Tracking: Issues and approaches, Problem formulations: Sensing model, collaborative localization. Coarse-grained and Fine-grained node localization. Tracking multiple objects: State space decomposition.
Synchronization: Issues and Traditional approaches, Fine-grained clock synchronization, and Coarse-grained data synchronization.
Wireless Communications: Link quality, shadowing and fading effects Medium-access and sleep scheduling: Traditional MAC protocols, Energy efficiency in MAC protocols, Asynchronous sleep techniques, Sleep-scheduled techniques, and Contention-free protocols.
Routing: Metric-based approaches, Multi-path routing, Lifetime-maximizing energy-aware routing techniques, Geographic routing.
Sensor network Databases: Data-centric routing, Data-gathering with compression, Querying, Data-centric storage and retrieval, the database perspective on sensor networks.
Security: Privacy issues, Attacks and countermeasures.
Introduction: Digital Image fundamentals: Image sampling and quantization, relationship between pixels, Intensity transformations and spatial filtering, some basic intensity transformation functions, Histogram processing, spatial filters for smoothing and sharpening (Chapt: 2 & 3 of Text book 1)
Module - II Filtering in the Frequency Domain: preliminary concepts, 2D DFT and its properties, basic filtering in the frequency domain, image smoothing and sharpening (Chapt: 4 of Text book 1)
Image Restoration and Reconstruction: Image restoration/degradation model, noise models, restoration in the presence of noise only, estimating the degradation function (Chapt: 5 of Text Book 1)
Color Image Processing: color models, Color transformation (Chapt: 6 of Text book 1)
Wavelets and Multi-resolution Processing: multiresolution expansions, wavelet transforms in one and two dimension (Chapt: 7 of Text book 1)
Image Compression: Fundamentals, Some basic compression methods (Chapt: 8 of Text book 1)
Morphological Image Processing: Erosion and Dilation, opening and closing (Chapt: 9 of Text book 1)
Application and characteristics of embedded systems, Overview of Processors and hardware units in an embedded system, General purpose processors, Microcontrollers, ARM-based Systems on a Chip (SoC), Application-Specific Circuits (ASICs), Levels of hardware modelling, VHDL, Sensors, A/D-D/A converters, Actuators, Interfacing using UART, USB, CAN bus, SRAM and DRAM, Flash memory.
Module - II (Real-Time Operating Systems)Real-Time Task Scheduling: Some important concepts, Types of real-time tasks and their characteristics, Task scheduling, Clock-Driven scheduling, Hybrid schedulers, Event-Driven scheduling, Earliest Deadline First (EDF) scheduling, Rate monotonic algorithm (RMA). Commercial Real-time operating systems: Time services, Features of a Real-time operating system, Unix-based Real-time operating systems, POSIX-RT, A survey of contemporary Real-time operating systems, Microkernel-based systems.
Module - III (Embedded Application Development)Embedded system development life cycle, State charts, General language characteristics , Features of MISRA C for embedded programming, Hardware/Software Co-design, Hardware/software partitioning, Testing embedded systems, Design for testability and Self-test.
Text Books:Three Tier Architecture Mobile Computing Architecture, Evolution of Wireless Technology
Cellular System:Cell, Cluster, Cell Splitting, Frequency Reuse, Channel Assignment Strategies, Components of Cellular System, Operation of Cellular System
Personal Communications Services (PCS):PCS Architecture, mobility management.
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM):Overview, Architecture, Network signaling, Channels, Mobility Management.
General Packet Radio Services (GPRS):Architecture, GPRS Interfaces, Network Protocols
Module 2 Wireless LAN (WLAN):Application, Requirement, IEEE 802.11(Ad-hoc Mode, Infrastructure Mode, Protocol Architecture), Bluetooth (Piconet, Scatternet, Protocol Stack, Bluetooth Profile)
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP):WAP Gateway and Protocols, wireless mark up Languages (WML),
Wireless Local Loop (WLL):WLL Configuration, Architecture, WLL Technologies.
IMT 2000:Vision, IMT-2000 Family, W-CDMA and CDMA 2000
Module 3 Satellite System:Introduction, Types of Satellite System (HEO, MEO, LEO), Satellite System Architecture, Case Studies: IRIDIUM, GLOBALSTAR and ICO
Virtual Private Network (VPN):Features, Goals, Working, Remote Access VPN, Site to Site VPN, VPN Protocols, Requirements
Mobile IP & Cellular IP:Goals & Working
Mobile OS:Windows CE, Windows Mobile OS, Symbian OS
Text Books :
Introduction, Algorithms and Complexity: Biological Algorithms versus Computer Algorithms, Notations, Algorithm Design Techniques, Tractable versus Intractable Problems.
Molecular Biology Primer: Genes, Molecules, Structure of DNA, Proteins, Analysis.
Exhaustive Search: Restriction Mapping, Impractical Restriction Mapping Algorithms, A Practical Restriction Mapping Algorithm, Regulatory Motifs in DNA Sequences, Profiles, The Motif Finding Problem, Search Trees, Finding Motifs, Finding a Median String.
Greedy Algorithms: Genome Rearrangements, Sorting by Reversals, Approximation Algorithms, Breakpoints: A Different Face of Greed, A Greedy Approach to Motif Finding.
Dynamic Programming Algorithms: The Power of DNA Sequence Comparison, The Change Problem Revisited, The Manhattan Tourist Problem, Edit Distance and Alignments, Longest Common Subsequences, Global Sequence Alignment, Scoring Alignments, Local Sequence Alignment,
Alignment with Gap Penalties, Multiple Alignment, Gene Prediction, Statistical Approaches to Gene Prediction, Similarity-Based Approaches to Gene Prediction, Spliced Alignment.
Divide-and-Conquer Algorithms: Divide-and-Conquer Approach to Sorting, Space-Efficient Sequence Alignment, Block Alignment and the Four-Russians Speedup, Constructing Alignments in Subquadratic Time.
Graph Algorithms: Graphs and Genetics, DNA Sequencing, Shortest Superstring Problem, DNA Arrays as an Alternative Sequencing Technique, Sequencing by Hybridization, SBH as a Hamiltonian Path Problem, SBH as an Eulerian Path Problem, Fragment Assembly in DNA Sequencing, Protein Sequencing and Identification, The Peptide Sequencing Problem, Spectrum Graphs, Protein Identification via Database Search, Spectral Convolution, Spectral Alignment.
Combinatorial Pattern Matching: Repeat Finding, Hash tables, Exact Pattern Matching, Keyword Trees, Suffix Trees, Heuristic Similarity Search Algorithms, Approximate Pattern Matching, BLAST: Comparing a Sequence against a Database.
Definition and Main properties of Multimedia System, Traditional Data streams characteristics, Characteristics of continuous media data based on time, space and continuity. Sound/Audio: Basic sound concepts, MIDI devices and MIDI messages. Image: Digital image representation, Image Format, Graphics format, Computer Image Processing: Image Synthesis, Image Analysis and Image Transmission. Video: Video Signal Representation, Computer Video format, Television
Module IIData Compression: Source, Entropy and Hybrid Encoding, Some basic compression techniques, JPEG, MPEG, H.261, DVI. Multimedia Operating Systems: Process Management-Realtime Scheduling System Model, Rate Monotonic & Earliest Deadline First Algorithm, Process Utilization, Multimedia File System Paradigm, Disk Scheduling. Multimedia Communication Systems: Application Subsystem, Transport Subsystem, QOS and Resource Management. Synchronization: Notion of Synchronization, Presentation Requirements, Reference model for Multimedia Synchronization, Synchronization Specification.
Module IIIMultimedia Authoring Tools, Multimedia Systems Frameworks: Multimedia Information System: Multimedia Information Model and Multimedia Distributed Processing Model. Multimedia Communication System: Multimedia Conferencing Model and Multimedia Network Model. QOS layer Architecture, Distributed Multimedia Systems: Features of Distributed Multimedia System, Types of Distributed Multimedia Application, QOS in Distributed Multimedia System.
Text Books :
Introduction to state of satellite communication: Orbital mechanics and parameters, look angle determination, Launches and Lunch vehicle, Orbital effects in communication system performance. Attitude and orbit control system(AOCS), TT&C , Description of spacecraft System - Transponders,
Equipment reliability and space qualification.
Satellite Link Design: Basics of transmission theory, system noise temperature and G/T ratio, Uplink and Downlink design, design of satellite links for specified (C/N) performance.
Analog telephone and television transmission: Energy dispersal, digital transmission
Multiple Access: Multiplexing techniques for satellite links, Comprehensive study on FDMA, TDMA and CDMA. Spread Spectrum Transmission and Reception. Estimating Channel requirements, SPADE, Random access
Application of Satellite communication: Network distribution and direct broad casting TV, fundamentals of mobile communication satellite.
Propagation on satellite: Earth paths and influence on link design: Quantifying attenuation and depolarization, hydrometric & non hydrometric effects, ionosphere effects, rain and ice effects
Satellite Antennas: Types of antenna and relationships , Basic Antennas Theory - linear, rectangular & circular aperture. Gain, pointing loss,
Earth station Technology: Earth station design, Design of large antennas - Cassegrain antennas, optimizing gain of large antenna, antenna temperature, feed system for large cassegrain antennas,
Design of small earth station antennas: Front fed paraboloid reflector antennas, offset fed antennas, beam steering, Global Beam Antenna, equipment for earth station
Overview of MEMS and Microsystems. (Chapter 1 of Text Book 1)
Micromachining Techniques: Silicon as material for micromachining, Photolithography, thin film deposition, doping, wet and dry etching, surface and bulk micromachining, Wafer bonding, packaging. (Chapter 3 and Section 8.2 of Text Book 1, Chapter 2 of Text Book 2)
Microsystem Modeling and Design: Mechanics of deformable bodies, Energy method, Estimation of stiffness and damping for different micro-structures, Modeling of electromechanical systems, Pull-in voltage. (Section 4.1 to 4.3 and 6.2.2 of Text Book 1, Section 3.4 of Text Book 2)
Module -III MEMS Applications: Mechanical sensors and actuators: Piezoresistive pressure sensors, MEMS capacitive accelerometer, Gyroscopes, Piezoelectric actuators. (Section 8.3 of Text Book 1 and Section 5.3 and 5.11 of Text Book 2)
Optical: Micro-lens, Micro-mirror, Optical switch (Section 7.5 to 7.7 of Text Book 2)
Radio frequency MEMS: Inductor, Varactor, Filter, Resonator. (Section 9.3 to 9.7 of Text Book 2)
Microfluidics: Capillary action, Micropumping, Electrowetting, Lab-on-a-chip. (Section 10.1 to 10.8 of Text Book 2)
X-Ray Machines: Basis of Diagnostic Radiology, Nature of X-rays, Properties of X-rays, Units of X-radiation, Production of X-rays : stationary anode tube & rotating anode tube.
X-Ray Machine: High Voltage Generation, High frequency Generator, High Tension Cable, Collimators & Grids, Exposure Time Systems, and Automatic Control.
Visualization of X-rays & Digital Radiography: X-ray Films, X-ray Image Intensifier Television System, Dental X-ray machines, portable & mobile X-ray units, Digital Radiography, Flat Panel detector for Digital Radiography.
Ultrasonic Imaging System: Physics of Ultrasonic waves, generation & detection of ultrasound, basic pulse-echo apparatus, brief description of different modes of scans like A-scan, M-mode, B-scan with its applications in medicine.
Computed Tomography Machine (CT): Basic Principle of CT, System components: scanning system, Detector, Processing system, Viewing system, storing & documentation, Gantry geometry, Patient dose in CT Scan & Advantages of CT Scanning.
MRI Machine & Gamma Camera: Principles of NMR Imaging System, Basic NMR Components - Block Diagram Description, Advantages of NMR Imaging, The Gamma Camera - Block Diagram Description. Study of Working Principle of Emission CT, SPECT & PET scanners and Introduction to recent developments like Infrared Imaging, Ophthalmic Imaging, and Double headed CT & PET scanner.
Text Books: Introduction to Analog Design: General Concepts, Levels of Abstraction, Robust Analog Design
Single-Stage Amplifiers: Basic Concepts, Common-Source Stage, Common-Source Stage with Resistive Load, CS Stage with Diode-Connected Load, CS Stage with Current-Source Load, CS Stage with Triode Load, CS Stage with Source Degeneration, Source Follower, Common-Gate Stage, Cascode Stage, Folded Cascode.
Differential Amplifiers: Single-Ended and Differential Operation, Basic Differential Pair, Qualitative Analysis, Quantitative Analysis, Common-Mode Response, Differential Pair with MOS Loads, Gilbert Cell.
(Chapters 1, 3 and 4 of Text Book)
Passive and Active Current Mirrors: Basic Current Mirrors, Cascode Current Mirrors, Active Current Mirrors, Large-Signal Analysis, Small-Signal Analysis, Common-Mode Properties.
Bandgap References: General Considerations, Supply-Independent Biasing, Temperature-Independent References, Negative-TC Voltage, Positive-TC Voltage, Bandgap Reference.
Operational Amplifiers: General Considerations, Performance Parameters, One-Stage Op Amps, Two-Stage Op Amps, Gain Boosting, Comparison, Common-Mode Feedback, Input Range Limitations, Slew Rate, Power Supply Rejection. (Chapters 5, 11 and 9 of Text Book)
Frequency Response of Amplifiers: General Considerations, Miller Effect, Association of Poles with Nodes, Common-Source Stage, Source Followers, Common-Gate Stage, Cascode Stage, Differential Pair.
Feedback: General Considerations, Properties of Feedback Circuits, Types of Amplifiers, Feedback Topologies, Voltage-Voltage Feedback, Current-Voltage Feedback, Voltage-Current Feedback, Current-Current Feedback, Effect of Loading, Two-Port Network Models, Loading in Voltage-Voltage Feedback, Loading in Current-Voltage Feedback, Loading in Voltage-Current Feedback, Loading in Current-Current Feedback, Summary of Loading Effects, Effect of Feedback on Noise.
Oscillators: General Considerations, Ring Oscillators, LC Oscillators, Crossed-Coupled Oscillator, Colpitts Oscillator, One-Port Oscillators, Voltage-Controlled Oscillators, Tuning in Ring Oscillators, Tuning in LC Oscillators, Mathematical Model of VCOs. (Chapters 6, 8 and 14 of Text Book)
Sensors and Transduceers:- Sensors and transducers, Performance terminology, Displacement, position and proximitry, Velocity and motion, Force, Fluid pressure, Liquid flow, Liquid level, Temperature, Light sensors, Selection of sensors, Inputting data by switches. Book - 1: 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 2.12.
Signal conditioning: Signal conditioning, The operational amplifier, Protection, Filtering, Pulse modulation.
Book - 1: 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6.
Digital Signals: Digital signals, Analogue and digital signals, digital-to-analogue and analogue-to-digital converters, Multiplexers, Data acquisition, Digital signal processing. Book - 1: 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6.
Pneumatic and Hydraulic Actuation Systems: Actuation systems, Pneumatic and hydraulic systems, Directional control valves, Pressure control valves, Cylinders, Servo and proportional control valves, process control valves, Rotary actuators.
Book - 1: 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8.
Mechanical Actuation Systems: Mechanical systems, Types of motion, Kinematic chains, Cams, GTears, Belt and chain drives, bearings, Mechanical aspects of motor selection. Book - 1: 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 8.9.
Electrical Actuation Systems: Electrical systems, Mechanical switches, Solid-state switches, Solenoids, D.C. motors, A.C. motors, Stepper motors.
Book - 1: 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7.
Basic System Models: Mathematical models, Mechanical system building blocks, Electrical system building blocks, Electrical system building blocks, Fluid system building blocks, Thermal system building blocks.Book - 1: 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5.
System Models: Engineering systems, Rotational-translational systems, Electromechanical systems, Electromechanical systems, Linearity, Hydraulic-mechanical systems, Summary, Problems.
Book - 1: 11.1, 11.2, 11.3, 11.4, 11.5.
Closed-loop Controllers: Continuous and discrete control processes, Terminology, Two-step mode, Proportional mode, Derivative control, Integral control, PID controller, Digital controllers, Control system performance, Controller tuning, Velocity control, Adaptive control, Summary, Problems.
Book - 1: 15.1, 15.2, 15.3, 15.4, 15.5, 15.6, 15.7, 15.8, 15.9, 15.10, 15.11, 15.12.
Programmable Logic Controllers: Introduction to PLCs, Basic Structure of a PLC, Principles of Operation, PLCs versus Computers, Introduction to Internal Architecture and Hardware Components, PLC Programming, Analog I/O, Selecting a PLC for the Application, Application of PLCs for Control.
Book - 2: 13.1, 13.2, 13.3, 13.4, 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.8, 13.9.
Introduction: Functional Units, Classification, Performance characteristics, Dynamic Calibration, Errors: An Overview, Statistical Error Analysis, Reliability and Related Topics (Chapter 1 of Text book)
Instruments for Analysis: Introduction, Gas Analysers, Liquid Analysers, X-ray Methods, Chromatography (Chapter 8 of Text Book)
Telemetry: Introduction, Pneumatic Means, Electrical Means, Frequency Telemetring, Multiplexing, Modulation, Modulation of Digital Data, Transmission Channels, Briefing of a Telemetry System in Operation, Wireless I/O (Chapter 10 of Text Book)
Module - III Power Plant Instruments: Introduction, The Power Plant Scheme, Pressure, Temperature, Flow and Level, Vibration and Expansion, Analysis, Flue Gas Analysis (Chapter 12 of Text Book)
Hazard and Safety: Initial consideration, Enclosures, Intrinsic Safety, Prevention of Ignition, Methods of Production, Analysis Evaluation and Construction (Chapter 13 of Text Book)